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Invitation to Psychology (3rd Edition)By Carole Wade, Carol Tavris
Download Ebook Invitation to Psychology (3rd Edition)By Carole Wade, Carol Tavris
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Through lively writing and stimulating examples, authors Carole Wade and Carol Tavris invite readers to actively explore the field of psychology and the fundamentals of critical and scientific thinking. Invitation to Psychology presents the science of psychology according to six areas of the learner's experience: Your Self, Your Body, Your Mind, Your Environment, Your Mental Health and Your Life. This unique organization engages readers from the very beginning and gives them a framework for thinking about human behavior. Incorporating many active learning and critical thinking features, a balance of classic and contemporary research, and thorough integration of the psychology of women and men of all cultures—readers will learn much to take with them. For individuals seeking an introduction to psychology.
- Sales Rank: #552331 in Books
- Published on: 2004-02-25
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 10.70" h x .80" w x 9.00" l,
- Binding: Paperback
- 592 pages
From the Back Cover
Written in a compelling manner and loaded with real-world applications, this condensed version of Wade and Tavris' bestseller Psychology maintains its focus on critical thinking, attention to gender and multicultural issues, and commitment to the debates of psychology, and offers the support of companion websites that include test questions, web connections, message board, seven chapter corresponding premium site modules, web news, web survey, interactive lectures, guided reviews, and much more. Covers five major areas—yourself, your body, your mind, your environment, your mental health, and your life. Includes full chapters on the science of psychology; the theories of personality; development over the life span; neurons, hormones and the brain; sensation and perception; thinking and intelligence; memory; learning; behavior in social and cultural context; psychological disorders; approaches to treatment and therapy; emotion, stress, and health; and the major motives of life: love, sex, food, and work. For psychologists, psychotherapists, and readers interested in exploring the inner workings of the human mind.
@BULLET = Features chapter-opening vignettes based on real newspaper stories, "Get Involved" hands-on application exercises and demonstrations; end-of-chapter "Taking Psychology With You" sections that draw on research in the chapter end-of-chapter sections—Draws on research in the chapter. @SUBBULLET = Helps students tackle topics of practical concern. Ex.___ @BULLET = "Quick Quizzes"—After each major section of the text. @SUBBULLET = Actively tests students' comprehension. Ex.___ @CONTENTSBEG =
About the Author
Carole Wade earned her Ph.D. in cognitive psychology at Stanford University. She began her academic career at the University of New Mexico, where she taught courses in psycholinguistics and developed the first course at the university on the psychology of gender. She was professor of psychology for ten years at San Diego Mesa College, then taught at the College of Marin, and is now affiliated with Dominican University of California. She is author, with Carol Tavris, of Psychology, Psychology in Perspective, and The Longest War: Sex Differences in Perspective. Dr. Wade has a long-standing interest in making psychology accessible to students and the general public through lectures, workshops, and general interest articles. For many years. Ale has focused her efforts on the teaching and promotion of critical-thinking skills, diversity issues, and the enhancement of undergraduate education in psychology. She chaired the APA Board of Educational Affairs Task Force on Diversity Issues at the Precollege and Undergraduate Levels of Education in Psychology, is a past chair of the APAs Public Information Committee, has been a G. Stanley Hall Lecturer, and currently serves on the steering committee for the National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology. Dr. Wade is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and a charter member of the American Psychological Society. When she isn't busy with her professional activities, she can be found riding the trails of northern California on her Arabian horse, Conde.
Carol Tavris earned her Ph.D. in the social psychology program at the University of Michigan, and as a writer and lecturer she has sought to educate the public about the importance of critical and scientific thinking in psychology. She is author of The Mismeasure of Woman; Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion; and, with Carole Wade, Psychology; Psychology in Perspective; and The Longest War: Sex Differences in Perspective. She has written on psychological topics for a wide variety of magazines and professional publications; many of her opinion essays and book reviews for The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times Book Review, Scientific American, and other publications have recently been collected in Psychobabble and Biobunk: Using Psychology to Think Critically About Issues in the News. Dr. Tavris lectures widely on, among other topics, critical thinking, pseudoscience in psychology and psychiatry, anger, and the science and politics of research on gender. She has taught in the psychology department at UCLA and at the Human Relations Center of the New School for Social Research in New York. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and a charter Fellow of the American Psychological Society; a member of the board of the Council for Scientific Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry; and a member of the editorial board of the APS's Psychological Science in the Public Interest. When she is not writing or lecturing, she can be found walking the trails of the Hollywood Hills with her border collie, Sophie.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
TO THE INSTRUCTOR
Psychology textbooks have always had a little problem with length. William James's two-volume classic, Principles of Psychology (1890), took him twelve long years to write and weighed in at a hefty 1,393 pages. (And today's students think they have it hard!) Just two years after it was published, James followed it with Psychology, Briefer Course, which was much shorter, under 500 pages. But James was not happy with his briefer book; in a letter to his publishers, he complained that he had left out "all bibliography and experimental details, all metaphysical subtleties and digressions, all quotations, all humor and pathos, all interest in short . . . ." (quoted in Weiten & Wight, 1992).
The great James was probably too hard on himself; he was entirely incapable of writing anything dull or disjointed. Nevertheless, we kept his words in mind as we were working on our own "briefer" introduction to psychology. From the outset, we were guided by a philosophy that we hoped would help us avoid some of the pitfalls of the genre:
In the rest of this preface, we describe how we have tried to translate our philosophy about writing this book into reality, and what is new in this second edition.
1. BrevityEven with a brief textbook consisting of 14 or 15 chapters, instructors often feel hard-pressed to cover the material in a semester or quarter. We decided, therefore, that 13 chapters would be ideal: enough to cover all the major topics, but few enough to give instructors some breathing room. A 13-chapter book allows you to spend some extra time on topics that students sometimes find difficult, such as the brain; to develop your favorite topics in greater depth; to take time at the beginning of the semester to get to know your students; or to use time at the end of the term to summarize and review.
2. A Meaningful OrganizationWe wanted the organization of this book to do two things: engage students quickly and provide a logical "scaffolding" for the diverse topics in psychology. The first chapter, which introduces students to the field and to the fundamentals of critical and scientific thinking, is followed by six sections consisting of two chapters each. The title of each section invites the reader to consider how the discipline of psychology can illuminate aspects of his or her own life and provides the reader with a personal frame of reference for assimilating the information:
• PART ONE: YOUR SELF examines major theories of personality (Chapter 2) and development (Chapter 3). These are extremely high-interest topics for students, and will draw them into the course right away. Moreover, starting off with these chapters allows us to avoid redundancy in coverage of the major schools of psychology—biological, learning, cognitive, sociocultural, and psychodynamic. Instead of introducing these perspectives in the first chapter and then having to explain them again in a much later personality chapter, we cover them once, in this section.
• PART TWO: YOUR BODY explores the many ways in which the brain, neurons, and hormones affect psychological functioning (Chapter 4), and the neurological and psychological underpinnings of sensation and perception (Chapter 5).
• PART THREE: YOUR MIND discusses the impressive ways in which human beings think and reason—and why they so often fail to think and reason well (Chapter 6)—and explores the puzzles and paradoxes of memory (Chapter 7).
• PART FOUR: YOUR ENVIRONMENT covers basic principles of learning (Chapter 8) and the impact of social and cultural contexts on behavior (Chapter 9). Combining learning and social psychology in the same part is a break from convention, but we think it makes wonderful sense, for these two fields share an emphasis on "extrapsychic" factors in behavior.
• PART FIVE: YOUR MENTAL HEALTH reviews the major mental and emotional disorders (Chapter 10) and evaluates the therapies designed to treat them (Chapter 11).
• PART SIX: YOUR LIFE shows how mind, body, and environment influence emotions, stress, and health (Chapter 12) and the fundamental motives that drive people: eating and appetite, love and sex, and work and achievement (Chapter 13).
Naturally, a brief book will not include every topic that might be found in a longer book, but we have tried to retain all of those that are truly essential in an introductory course. In most cases, you will find these topics in the chapters where you expect them to be, but there are a few exceptions. For example, eating disorders are not discussed in the chapter on psychological disorders; instead, we discuss them in the context of psychological, genetic, and cultural factors in eating, overweight, and dieting (Chapter 13). Likewise, because we wanted to limit the book to 13 chapters, we chose not to include a separate chapter on consciousness, but we have not ignored this material; sleep and dreams are discussed in the brain chapter (Chapter 4), hypnosis in the memory chapter (Chapter 6), and drugs in a section on addiction in the disorders chapter (Chapter 10). If at first you do not see a topic that interests you, we urge you to look for it in the table of contents or the index.
3. Critical and Creative ThinkingSince we introduced critical thinking in the first edition of our longer book, in the 1980s, we have been gratified to see its place in the study of psychology grow. Without critical-thinking skills, learning ends at the classroom door.
In this book, too, our goal is to get students to reflect on what they learn, resist leaping to conclusions on the basis of personal experience alone (so tempting in psychological matters), apply rigorous standards of evidence, and listen to competing views. As in our longer book, we introduce eight basic guidelines to critical and creative thinking right away, in the first chapter, and then teach and model these guidelines throughout the book.
We use a critical-thinking icon—a lightbulb—together with a "tab" like the one in the sample on this page-to draw the reader's attention to some (but not all) of the critical-thinking discussions in the text. The lightbulb and tab are meant to say to students, "Listen up! As you read about this topic, you will need to be especially careful about assumptions, evidence, and conclusions." The critical-thinking lightbulb also appears in Quick Quizzes (see the discussion of active learning on page xiv) to alert students to quiz items that give them practice in critical thinking.
True critical thinking, we have always maintained, cannot be reduced to a set of rhetorical questions or to a formula for analyzing studies. It is a process of evaluating claims and ideas, and thus it must be woven into a book's narrative. We try to model critical thinking for students in our evaluations not only of popular but unsupported cultural ideas, such as ESP and subliminal perception, but also of popular but unsupported academic ideas, such as Carol Gilligan's notion that the sexes differ in moral reasoning or Maslow's concept of a motivational hierarchy. Similarly, we try to model the importance of critical thinking and empirical evidence in our coverage of psychological issues that have evoked emotional debate, such as children's eyewitness testimony, multiple personality disorder, "recovered" memories, parental versus peer influence on children, the role of biology in addiction, definitions of racism and sexism, and many others. An emphasis on critical thinking is also integral to the book's new on-line media program (see below); students are not just given links to relevant web sites—they are encouraged to think critically about the material they find there.
4. Liveliness and RelevanceVirginia Woolf once said that fiction is not dropped like a pebble upon the ground, but, like a spider's web, is attached to life at all four corners. The same principle applies to good textbook writing. Authors of texts at all levels have a unique opportunity to combine scholarly rigor and authority with warmth and compassion in conveying what psychologists know (and still seek to know) about the predicaments and puzzles of life:
The predicaments and puzzles that people care most about, of course, are those that arise in their own lives. Taking Psychology with You, a feature that concludes each chapter, draws on research reported in the chapter to tackle practical topics such as living with chronic pain (Chapter 5), becoming more creative (Chapter 6), improving study habits (Chapter 8), getting along with people of other cultures (Chapter 9), and evaluating self-help programs and books (Chapter 11).
However,: we also want students to see that psychology can deepen our understanding of events and problems that go beyond the personal. Each chapter therefore begins with a real story from the news—about a 63year-old woman giving birth, an eyewitness whose mistaken testimony sent a man to prison for 11 years, the apparent rise of "Internet addiction," a child who died during a session of "rebirthing" therapy in Colorado—and asks students how they might think critically about the issues the story raises.
This Psychology in the News feature is not merely a "motivator" to be quickly forgotten; each story is revisited at the end of the chapter, where concepts and findings from the chapter are used to analyze and evaluate the questions raised earlier. We think this device helps promote critical thinking and also helps students appreciate that psychology is indeed "attached to life at all four corners."
5. Active LearningOne of the soundest findings about learning is that you can't just sit there like a flounder while it happens. You have to be actively involved, whether practicing a new skill or encoding new material. In this textbook, we have included several pedagogical features designed to encourage students to become actively involved in what they are reading.
What's Ahead introduces each major section within a chapter. This feature consists of a brief set of questions that are not merely rhetorical but are intended to be provocative or intriguing enough to arouse students' curiosity and draw them into the material: Why do some people get depressed even though they "have it all"? Why are people who are chronically angry and mistrustful their own worst enemy? What's the difference between ordinary techniques of persuasion and the coercive techniques used by cults?
Looking Back, at the end of each chapter, lists all of the What's Ahead questions along with page numbers to show where the material for each question was covered. This way, students can check their retention and can easily review if they find that they can't answer a question. This feature also has another purpose: Students will gain a sense of how much they are learning about matters of personal and social importance, and will be able to appreciate how much more psychology offers beyond "common sense." Some instructors may want to turn some of these questions into essay or short-answer test items or written assignments.
Quick Quizzes have been retained and adapted from our longer text because of their track record in promoting active learning. These periodic self-tests encourage students to check their progress while they are reading and to go back and review if necessary. The quizzes do more than test for memorization of definitions; they tell students whether they comprehend the issues. Mindful of the common tendency to skip quizzes or to peek at the answers, we have used various formats and have included entertaining examples in order to motivate students to test themselves.
As mentioned earlier, many of the quizzes also include critical-thinking questions, identified by the lightbulb symbol. They invite the student to reflect on the implications of findings and to consider how psychological principles might illuminate real-life issues. For example: What kinds of questions should a critical thinker ask about a new drug for depression? If a woman's job performance is declining, what else besides low achievement might be the reason? How should a critical consumer evaluate some expert's claim that health is entirely a matter of "mind over matter"? Although we offer some possible responses to such questions, most of them do not have a single correct answer, and students may be able to come up with some valid, well-reasoned answers that differ from our own.
Get Involved exercises provide an entertaining approach to active learning. Some consist of quick demonstrations (e.g., swing a flashlight in a dark closet to see how images remain briefly in sensory memory); some are simple mini-studies (e.g., violate a social norm and see what happens); and some help students relate course material to their own lives (e.g., list the extrinsic and intrinsic reinforcers that might be involved in a diverse array of activities, from studying to prayer). Instructors may want to assign some of these exercises to the entire class and then discuss the results and what they mean.
Other pedagogical features include graphic illustrations of complex concepts; summary tables; a running glossary that defines boldfaced technical terms on the pages where they occur for handy reference and study; a cumulative glossary at the back of the book; a list of key terms at the end of each chapter with page numbers so that students can find the sections where the terms are covered; chapter outlines; and chapter summaries in paragraph form to help students review major concepts.
6. Coverage of Human DiversityWhen the first edition of our longer textbook came out, some considered our goal of mainstreaming issues of gender, ethnicity, and culture into introductory psychology quite radical—either a sop to political correctness or a fluffy and superficial fad in psychology. Today, the issue is no longer whether to include these topics, but how best to do it.
From the beginning, our own answer has been to raise relevant studies and issues about gender and culture in the main body of the text, and we continue to do so. Are there sex differences in the brain? This controversial and fascinating issue belongs in the brain chapter (Chapter 4). Do people from all cultures experience and express emotion the same way, and do women and men differ in "emotionality"? These topics belong in the emotion chapter (Chapter 12). In addition, Chapter 9, "Behavior in Social and Cultural Context," highlights the sociocultural perspective in psychology and includes an extended discussion of ethnic identity, ethnocentrism, prejudice, and cross-cultural relations.
We include important findings on gender differences—and similarities—in our discussions of many psychological topics, including (among others) adolescent development, the brain, social norms and roles, depression, eating disorders and body-image problems (in both sexes), emotion, socialization, hormones, love, menopause and menstruation, moral reasoning, object-relations theories of personality development, pain, weight and dieting, and work motivation. And of course we consider not only differences and similarities in sexuality—in biology, attitudes, motives, orientation, scripts, and "drive"—but also the evolutionary, psychological, and cultural theories that have been proposed to explain those differences and similarities.
Similarly, we discuss findings on culture and ethnicity to show how a cultural level of analysis helps us better understand group differences in addiction rates, emotional disorders such as anxiety and panic, the diagnosis of mental disorder, behavioral rules and norms for such "personality" traits as cleanliness and risk-taking, conversational distance, notions of time, sexual attitudes and behavior, the effectiveness of medication and psychotherapy for various disorders, the display of emotion, IQ scores, attitudes about the ideal body and how those attitudes affect physical and psychological health, and cognitive processes such as moral reasoning and the fundamental attribution error. We discuss cultural influences on universal human processes such as infant development, attachment and bonding, the "Big Five" personality traits, language, perception, memory, taste preferences, cognitive development, self-identity, and performance in school. And we discuss cultural universals such as ethnocentrism, prejudice, ethnic identity, stereotyping, and group conflict, as well as findings from social psychology and cross-cultural psychology about ways that groups in conflict might resolve their differences or at least learn to live with them.
A book's coverage of gender and culture, however, cannot be adequately assessed solely in terms of the number of times group differences and characteristics are mentioned. There are hundreds of gender and cultural differences that, though reliable, are trivial and do not warrant space in an introductory textbook. We would rather devote space to in-depth discussions of issues where differences between the sexes or between ethnic groups really matter. For example, it is not enough to say, in passing, that women are more likely than men to seek treatment for depression, or that Japanese schoolchildren have higher math scores than American children, without explaining why these differences might exist. Mainstreaming gender and culture also means discussing the larger controversies that these sensitive topics invariably produce. Do men and women differ in the nature of the "sex drive," and how should we assess evolutionary and cultural explanations of gender differences in sexuality and love? (See Chapter 13.) What, exactly, do we mean when we say someone is "racist" or "sexist"—is this a matter of unconscious attitudes, conscious beliefs, or actual behavior? (See Chapter 9.)
What's New in this Edition?In this second edition of Invitation to Psychology, we have retained the first edition's basic approach, organization, and pedagogy. Many of its features have been tested by time and student reaction; students and instructors like them.
Any new edition, however, offers its authors and publisher an opportunity to expand and improve a book's features. For the second edition of Invitation to Psychology, Prentice Hall has created a smashing new on-line media program, accessed through the book's website: www.prenhall.com/wade. Marginal icons throughout the text direct students to web links related to the material, video clips, simulations and animations of figures and tables, readings, activities, and an on-line study guide—all intended to promote active learning and stimulate intellectual curiosity.
A new edition also permits authors to streamline language, cast a fresh eye on the internal organization of chapters, and replace dated examples or stories with more current ones. This we have done. And of course, we have carefully updated material throughout the book with cutting-edge research and critical discussions of current issues, as users of our books have come to expect. Here are just a few examples from each chapter.
• CHAPTER 1 (WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?): We clarified two of our critical-thinking guidelines and added a discussion of why control groups are crucial in nonexperimental as well as experimental studies.
• CHAPTER 2 (THEORIES OF PERSONALITY): We reorganized the section on temperaments; modified and sharpened the section on evaluating genetic theories of personality; and added findings on regional variations in cultural expectations regarding personality traits.
• CHAPTER 3 (DEVELOPMENT OVER THE LIFE SPAN): We made significant changes in the organization of this chapter. We also added important new material, including, for example, a discussion of parental versus peer influence on children's development and recent research questioning Ainsworth's explanation for differing attachment styles in children.
• CHAPTER 4 (NEURONS, HORMONES, AND THE BRAIN): We updated and expanded our discussion of the exciting research on precursor cells and neurogenesis; added a description of functional MRI; and added research showing the effects of experience on the brains of musicians, cab drivers, and bilingual persons.
• CHAPTER 5 (SEN5ATION AND PERCEPTION): We added several recent studies and significantly reorganized the discussion of pain, which now includes material on Ronald Melzack's neuromatrix theory.
• CHAPTER 6 (THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE): We revised the section on culture and testing, deleting some material but adding a discussion of stereotype threat; added recent criticisms of the "intelligences" approach; and added recent findings on numerical abilities in nonhuman primates.
• CHAPTER 7 (MEMORY): We revised and updated the section on children's eyewitness memory, devoting considerable space to this topic because of its social and legal relevance, and because research on this topic shows the important role that psychological research can play in real life; and we replaced the short section on motivated forgetting with a longer discussion on psychogenic amnesia and the controversy over repression.
• CHAPTER 8 (LEARNING): We deleted the discussion of classical conditioning's role in drug tolerance and withdrawal, which involves compensatory responses and thus is difficult for introductory students to grasp. Instead, we now discuss the role of classical conditioning in reactions to medical treatments-both misery and relief. We also revised our discussion of punishment to include research on the effectiveness of consistent punishment in reducing recidivism in young criminals.
• CHAPTER 9 (BEHAVIOR IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT): This chapter contains major organizational changes, along with new research on deindividuation, the difference between hostile and "benevolent" sexism, and implicit measures of prejudice.
• CHAPTER 10 (PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS): We strengthened our critical discussion of the Rorschach because of new research questioning much of its reliability and validity; added research on antisocial personality disorder (including a study of APD-like behavior in chimpanzees); and added research supporting the view that addiction can be the result as well as the cause of drug abuse.
• CHAPTER 11 (APPROACHES TO TREATMENT AND THERAPY): We updated and expanded our discussion of the "scientist-practitioner gap"; added a critical discussion of the growing alliance between researchers and pharmaceutical companies that fund their work; and updated the list of problems for which cognitive and behavioral therapies are the treatments of choice.
• CHAPTER 12 (EMOTIONS, STRESS, AND HEALTH): We reorganized and updated the section on stressors that affect the body; added research on how locus of control affects health; and added work on the benefits of overcoming adversity.
• CHAPTER 13 (THE MAJOR MOTIVES OF LIFE): We revised and updated much of the material in this chapter, in our discussions of male and female sexuality, biological theories of sexual orientation, and the genetics, psychology, and culture of weight and body shape. In the latter section, we added new research that questions set-point theory, which cannot account for the worldwide obesity epidemic. We discuss the role of cultural norms in determining the "ideal body," and the risks to health when that ideal is either too thin or obese. And we have added new studies suggesting that North American men are succumbing to body image problems, too.
A more complete list of additions, deletions, and changes is available from your Prentice Hall representative.
Invitation to Psychology, Second Edition, also contains a brand-new art program. We have replaced graphic illustrations with those found in our longer book, which are pedagogically clearer. We are especially delighted with the new anatomical art, which was prepared by exceptional artists who are also physicians; they really know what they are doing! We think you will find their anatomical drawings to be colorful, accurate, and, above all, student-friendly.
The Supplements Package For the Instructor Instructor's Resource Manual
Prepared by Virginia Diehl of Western Illinois University, this manual contains a wealth of material to help you plan and manage your course, including: "teacher-to-teacher" discussions, chapter learning objectives and outlines, detailed lecture suggestions and ideas, demonstrations and activities, review and critical-thinking exercises, handout masters, transparency suggestions, and video and media resources for each chapter.
Test Item File
Prepared by Cathleen McGreal of Kalamazoo College, this test bank contains over 3,000 multiple-choice, true/false, short-answer, and essay questions that test factual, applied, and conceptual knowledge.
Prentice Hall Test Manager
One of the most popular test-generating software programs on the market, Test Manager is available in Windows and Macintosh formats and contains a Gradebook, Online Network Testing, and many tools to help you edit and create tests. The program comes with full technical support and telephone "Request a Test" service.
Prentice Hall's Introductory Psychology Transparencies, Series V
Designed in large-type format for lecture settings, these full-color overhead transparencies add visual appeal to your lectures by augmenting the visuals in the text with a variety of new illustrations.
Powerpoint Slides and Online Graphics Archive
Available in the Faculty Module of the Premium Companion Website, each chapter's art has been digitized and is available for download into any presentation software. Powerpoint lectures for each chapter are also available for download.
Prentice Hall Video Libraries
Prentice Hall has assembled a superior collection of video materials, which range from short lecture launchers to full-length detailed features for use in the Introductory Psychology course. The videos below are available to qualified adopters.
- ABC News Videos for Introductory Psychology, Series III consists of segments from ABC Nightly News with Peter Jennings, Nightline, 20/20, Prime Time Live, and The Health Show.
- The Alliance Series: The Annenberg/CPB Collection is the most extensive collection of professionally produced videos available with any introductory psychology textbook. Selections include videos in the following Annenberg series: The Brain, The Brain Teaching Modules, Discovering Psychology, The Mind, and The Mind Teaching Modules.
- Films for the Humanities and Sciences – A wealth of videos from the extensive library of Film for the Humanities and Sciences, on a variety of topics in psychology, are available to qualified adopters. Contact your local Prentice Hall representative for a list of videos.
Both professors and students will find many useful resources in the media program accompanying this text.
www.prenhall.com/wade
Premium Companion Website
Every new book comes with FREE access to this extensive online study resource, prepared by Lynne Blesz-Vestal, Ph.D. Designed to reinforce each chapter's main concepts, this site includes extensive online support and information—simulations, activities, weblinks, videos, readings, and quizzes. These features are keyed to specific material and are identified by icons throughout the text.
The online Study Guide portion of the site allows students to review each chapter's material, take practice tests, research topics for course projects, and more. Professors should visit the Faculty Module of the site to download electronic versions of the Instructor's Resource Manual, Powerpoint Slides for each chapter, and an Online Graphics Archive.
Video Classics in Psychology
Using the power of video to clarify key concepts presented in each chapter of Invitation to Psychology, Second Edition, this CD-ROM includes many of the best-known classic experiments and interviews with renowned contributors to the field of psychology. It includes clips of Milgram's obedience study, the visual cliff, Little Albert, Pavlov's dog, Harlow's monkeys, and Bandura's bo-bo doll study, to name a few, and conversations with Skinner, Lorenz, Piaget, Erikson, Jung, and Hilgard. The CD-ROM is packaged FREE with each new text, and it works in conjunction with the Premium Companion Website.
ContentSelect Research Database
Prentice Hall and EBSCO, the world leader in online journal subscription management, have developed a customized research database for students of psychology. This database provides free and unlimited access to the text of over 75 peer-reviewed psychology publications. You can access this research database by going to the Invitation to Psychology, Second Edition Premium Companion Website and clicking on the ContentSelect button.
Mind Matters CD-ROM
Free when packaged with a new text, Mind Matters features interactive learning modules on history, methods, biological psychology, learning, memory, sensation, and perception. Each module combines text, video, graphics, simulations, games, and assessment to reinforce key psychological concepts.
Online Course Management
For professors interested in using the Internet and online course management in their courses, Prentice Hall offers fully customizable online courses in WebCT, BlackBoard, and Pearson's Course Compass powered by BlackBoard to accompany this textbook. Contact your local Prentice Hall representative or visit www.prenhall.com/demo for more information.
Study Guide
Written by Sherri Jackson of Jacksonville University and Richard Griggs of University of Florida, this student workbook helps students master the core concepts in each chapter. Every study-guide chapter contains chapter overviews, guided-review exercises, key terms, quizzes, sample answers for the "What's Ahead" questions from the text, and multiple-choice practice tests.
Psychology on the Internet:
Evaluating Online Resources
This hands-on Internet tutorial features Web sites related to psychology and general information about using the Internet for research. This supplement is available FREE when packaged with the text and helps students capitalize on all the resources that the World Wide Web has to offer.
Available for Packaging
The following workbooks and supplementary textbooks are available in specially discounted packages with the textbook or as stand-alone supplements:
Psychobabble and Biobunk, Second Edition by Carol Tavris. This expanded and updated collection of opinion essays, written for The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, Scientific American, and other publications, encourages debate in the classroom by applying psychological research and the principles of scientific and critical thinking to issues in the news.
Forty Studies that Changed Psychology, Fourth Edition by Roger Hock of Mendocino College presents forty seminal research studies that have shaped modern psychological study, This paperback supplement provides an overview of each ground-breaking study, its findings, the impact these findings have had on current thinking in the discipline, and the most notable extensions and follow-up studies.
How to Think Like a Psychologist: Critical Thinking in Psychology, Second Edition by Donald McBurney of the University of Pittsburgh. This brief paperback uses a question-and-answer format to explore some of the most common questions students ask about psychology.
The Psychology Major: Career and Strategies for Success by Eric Landrum, Idaho State University, Stephen Davis, Emporia State University, and Terri Landrum, Idaho State University. This brief paperback provides valuable information on career options available to psychology majors, tips for improving academic performance, and a guide to the APA style of research reporting.
Experiencing Psychology by Gary Brannigan, SUNY, Plattesburg. This hands-on activity book contains 39 active-learning experiences corresponding to major topics in psychology to provide students experience in "doing" psychology.
TO THE STUDENTIf you are reading this introduction, you are starting your introductory psychology course on the right foot. It always helps to get a general picture of what you are about to read before charging forward.
Our goal in this book is to guide you to think critically and imaginatively about psychological issues, and to help you apply what you learn to your own life and the world around you. We ourselves have never gotten over our initial excitement about psychology, and we have done everything we can think of to make the field as absorbing for you as it is for us. However, what ,you bring to this book is as important as what we have written—we can pitch ideas at you, but you have to step up to the plate to connect with them. This text will remain only a collection of pages with ink on them unless you choose to read actively. The more involved you are in your own learning, the more successful the book and your course will be, and the more enjoyable, too.
Getting InvolvedTo encourage you to read and study actively, we have included some special features:
• Every chapter opens with Psychology in the News, an actual story from the media related to issues that will be discussed in the chapter. Do not skip these stories! We return to them at the end of the chapter, to show you how findings from psychology might help you understand each story in particular and others like it that you will encounter. How do you feel about a 63-year-old woman who gives birth to a baby? Why would star athletes who could easily attract consenting sexual partners nonetheless commit date rape? What motivates a man to recover from cancer and go on to win the Tour de France bicycle race? As you read the chapter, try to link its findings and ideas to the opening story and come up with your own insights. If you do this, you will find that studying psychology will not only help you with your own problems and goals, but will also increase your understanding of the world around you.
• Each chapter contains several Get Involved exercises, entertaining little experiments or explorations you can do that demonstrate what you are reading about. In Chapter 2, for instance, you get to see where you fall on an inventory of basic personality traits, and in Chapter 11, we will show you how your own thoughts affect your moods. Some Get Involved exercises take only a minute; others are "mini-studies" that you can do by observing or interviewing others.
• Before each major section, a feature called What's Ahead lists some preview questions to stir your curiosity and indicate what that section will cover. For example: Why does paying children for good grades sometimes backfire? Do people remember better when they're hypnotized? What do psychologists think is the "sexist sex organ"? Do men and women differ in the ability to love? When you finish the chapter, you will encounter these questions again, under the heading Looking Back. Use this list as a self-test; if you can't answer a question, go to the page indicated after the question and review the material.
• In Chapter 1, we will introduce you to the basic guidelines of critical and creative thinking•the principles we hope will help you distinguish unsupported claims or "psychobabble" from good, scientific reasoning. The identifying icon for critical thinking is a lightbulb. Throughout the book, some (but not all) of our critical thinking discussions are signaled in the text by a small tab that includes the lightbulb and the topic being critically examined, like the one shown here. We will be telling you about many lively and passionate debates in psychology•about sex and gender differences, therapy, memory, "multiple personality disorder," and many other topics-and we hope our coverage of these debates will increase your involvement with the ongoing discoveries of psychology.
Every chapter contains several Quick Quizzes that test your understanding, retention, and ability to apply what you have read to examples. Do not let the word "quiz" give you a sinking feeling. These quizzes are for your practical use and, we hope, for your enjoyment. When you have trouble with a question, do not go on; pause right then and there, review what you have read, and then try again.
• Some of the Quick Quizzes contain a critical-thinking item, denoted by the lightbulb symbol. The answers we give for these items are only suggestions; feel free to come up with different ones. Quick Quizzes containing critical-thinking items are not really so quick, because they ask you to reflect on what you have read and to apply the guidelines to critical thinking described in Chapter 1. But if you take the time to respond thoughtfully to them, we think you will become more engaged with the material, learn more, and become a more sophisticated user of psychology.
• At the end of each chapter, a feature called Taking Psychology with You draws on research to suggest ways you can apply what you have learned to everyday problems and concerns (such as how to boost your motivation, improve your memory, and become more creative) as well as more serious ones, such as how to live with chronic pain or help a friend who seems suicidal.
• Throughout each chapter you will find media icons directing you to on-line activities, quizzes, simulations, videos, web sites, and readings that will reinforce your learning and help you do well in your course. First read the chapter; then, to get to these features, simply go to www.prenhall.com/wade, using the access code provided when you purchased your new book.
How to StudyIn our years of teaching, we have found that certain study strategies can vastly improve learning, and so we offer the following suggestions. (Reading Chapter 7, on memory, and Chapter 8, on learning, will also be helpful.)
• Before starting the book, read Contents at a Glance (p. v) to get an overall view of the book's organization. Before starting a chapter, read the chapter title and major headings to get an idea of what is in store. Browse through the chapter, looking at the pictures and reading the rest of the headings.
• Do not read the text as you might read a novel, taking in large chunks at a sitting. To get the most from your studying, we recommend that you read only a part of each chapter at a time.
• Instead of simply reading silently, nodding along saying "hmmmmm" to yourself, try to restate what you have read in your own words at the end of each major section. Some people find it helpful to write down main points. others prefer to recite main points aloud to someone else—or even into a tape recorder. Do not count on getting by with just one reading of a chapter. Most people need to go through the material at least twice, and then review the main points several times before an exam.
• When you have finished a chapter, read the Summary. Some students tell us they find it useful to write down their own summaries first, then compare them with the book's. Use the list of Key Terms at the end of each chapter as a checklist. Try to define and discuss each term in the list to see how well you understand and remember it. If you need to review a term, a page number is given to tell you where it is first mentioned in the chapter. Finally, review the Looking Back questions to be sure you can answer them.
• Important new terms in this textbook are printed in boldface and are defined in the margin of the page on which they appear or on the facing page. The marginal glossary permits you to find these terms and concepts easily, and will help you when you study for exams. A complete glossary also appears at the end of the book.
• The Study Guide for this book, available at your bookstore, is an excellent learning resource. It contains review materials, exercises, and practice tests to help you understand and apply the concepts in the book.
• If you are assigned a term project or a report, you may need to track down some references or do further reading. Throughout the book, discussions of studies and theories include citations that look like this: (Aardvark Sr Zebra, 2001). A citation tells you who the authors of a book or paper are and when their work was published. The full reference can then be looked up in the alphabetical Bibliography at the end of the book. At the back of the book you will also find a Name Index and a Subject Index. The name index lists the name of every author cited and the pages where each person's work is discussed. If you remember the name of a psychologist but not where he or she was mentioned, look up the name in the name index. The subject index lists all the major topics mentioned in the book. If you want to review material on, say, depression, you can look up "depression" in the subject index and find each place it is mentioned.
We have done our utmost to convey our own enthusiasm about psychology, but, in the end, it is your efforts as much as ours that will determine whether you find psychology to be exciting or boring, and whether the field will make a difference in your own life. This book is our way of inviting you into the world of psychology. our warmest welcome!
– Carole Wade
– Carol Tavris
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